tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-43136599167564079582024-03-14T02:52:24.411-07:00PGMI/A1/UINmakalahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09153242857989441711noreply@blogger.comBlogger2125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4313659916756407958.post-20414411355630245622010-12-08T17:48:00.000-08:002010-12-08T17:57:59.565-08:00<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">K<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">onservasi</span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sumber</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Daya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Alam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></span></div><div style="color: black;"></div><div style="color: black; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.67in; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.01in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Mendeskripsikan tentang: arti penting KSDA,<br />
pelaksanaannya, dan hambatan-hambatan yang dihadapinya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="color: black; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.26in; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.26in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Menjelaskan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">pengertian</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">konservasi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">sumberdaya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">alam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="color: black; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.26in; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.26in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Mendeskripsikan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">klasifikasi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">sumberdaya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">alam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="color: black; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.26in; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.26in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Menjelaskan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">tujuan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">konservasi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">sumberdaya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">alam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="color: black; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.26in; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.26in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Mendeskripsikan bentuk-bentuk konservasi sumberdaya alam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="color: black; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.26in; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.26in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Mendeskripsikan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">hambatan-hambatan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">pelaksanaan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">konservasi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">sumberdaya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">alam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">upaya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">penanggulangannya</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="color: black; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.22in; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.22in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">Di </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">Undang-undang</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;"> RI </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">Nomor</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;"> 23 </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">tahun</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;"> 1997 </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">tentang</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">Pengelolaan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">Lingkungan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">Hidup</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">Bab</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;"> I </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">Pasal</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;"> 1 </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">disebutkan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">bahwa</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">; <br />
<br />
“ </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">konservasi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">sumberdaya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">alam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">pengelolaan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">sumberdaya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">alam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">tak</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">terbaharui</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">menjamin</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">pemanfaatannya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">secara</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">bijaksana</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">sumberdaya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">alam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">terbaharui</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">menjamin</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">kesinambungan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">ketersediaannya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">tetap</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">memelihara</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">meningkatkan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">kualitas</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">nilai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">keanekaragamannya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> “</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="color: black; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="color: black; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.22in; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.22in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">mewujudkan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">pembangunan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">berkelanjutan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">berwawasan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">lingkungan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">hidup</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">rangka</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">pembangunan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">manusia</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> Indonesia </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">seutuhnya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">pembangunan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">masyarakat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> Indonesia </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">seluruhnya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">beriman</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">bertaqwa</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">kepada</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> TYME </span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Siklus</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Biogeokimia</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 6.72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;">Kompetensi</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;">dasar</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;">: </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;">Memahami</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;">pentingnya</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;">siklus</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;">kimia</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;">dalam</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;">menyediakan</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;">unsur</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;">kimia</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;">di</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;">bumi</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Ekosistem</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">telah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">menerima</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">masukan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">energi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">matahari</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> yang </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">tidak</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">akan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">habis</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">tetapi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">unsur</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">kimia</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">tersedia</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">sangat</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">terbatas</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Sumber</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">unsur</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">kimia</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">sangat</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">bergantung</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">pada</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">siklus</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">unsur</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">kimia</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">walaupun</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> kadang2 </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">saja</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">didapatkan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dari</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">meteorit</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> yang </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">menubruk</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">bumi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Siklus</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">unsur</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">kimia</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">melibatkan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">komponen</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">abiotik</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">biotik</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">suatu</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">ekosistem</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Oleh</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">karena</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">itu</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">perputarannya</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">disebut</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">siklus</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">biogeokimia</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Siklus</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> air</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Siklus</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> air </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">digerakkan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">oleh</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">energi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">matahari</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Sebagaian</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">besar</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">terjadi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">di</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">antara</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">lautan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">atmosfer</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">melalui</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">penguapan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> (</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">evaporasi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">) </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">curah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">hujan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> (</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">presipitasi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">)</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Siklus</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> air </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">terjadi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">melalui</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">proses</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">fisika</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">: </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">evaporasi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">transpirasi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">presipitasi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Siklus</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Karbon</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Karbon</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">penyusun</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">semua</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">senyawa</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">orgnik</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Karbon</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> --- </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dari</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">karbohidrat</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dihasilkan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">selama</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">fotosintesis</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">karbondioksida</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dibebaskan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">selama</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">respirasi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Konsentrasi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> CO2 </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">di</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">atmosfer</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> = 0,03%</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Jumlah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> CO2 </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">ditentukan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">musim</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">konsentrsi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> CO2 paling </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">rendah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">pada</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">musim</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">panas</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> paling </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">tinggi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">pada</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">musim</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dingin</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Mengapa</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">? </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Bagian</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">utara</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">daratan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> > </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">lautan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">shg</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">vegetasi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> >, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">aktifitas</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">fotosintesis</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">maksimum</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">pada</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">musim</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">panas</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">shg</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">mengurangi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> CO2 global </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">di</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">atmosfer</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Siklus</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> Nitrogen</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Nitrogen </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">ditemukan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">pada</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">semua</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">asam</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> amino. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Asam</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> amino </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">merupakan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">penyusun</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> protein </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">organisme</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Nitrogen </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">pada</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">tumbuhan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">hanya</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dalam</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dua</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">bentuk</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> mineral: NH4 (</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">amonia</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">) </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> NO3 (</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">nitrat</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">).</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Hampir</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> 80% </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">atmosfer</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">terdiri</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dari</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> gas nitrogen (N2).</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Gambarkanlah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">siklus</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> air, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">karbon</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> nitrogen </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">berdasarkan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">bacaan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> yang </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">diberikan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">!</span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Biosfer</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 6.72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;">Kompetensi</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;">dasar</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;">: </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;">Memahami</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;">peranan</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;">faktor</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;">abiotik</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;">dalam</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;">menjaga</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;">keseimbangan</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;">lingkungan</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;"><br />
</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">MISI KE MARS….</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">mencari</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">sebuah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">kehidupan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Ada</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">bekas</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">erosi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">di</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> Mars, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">ini</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">berarti</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">di</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> planet </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">itu</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">pernah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">ada</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> air</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Penelitian</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">terbaru</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">: </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dipermukaan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> Mars </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">memang</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">ada</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> air, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">tetapi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">membeku</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">di</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">bawah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">permukaan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">tanah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> Mars. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Ini</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">karena</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">suhu</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> Mars 150-200 K (-123 </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">sampai</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> -27 </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">celsius</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">), yang </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">menyebabkan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> air </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">membeku</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Hasil</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">observasi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">misi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> Viking, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">tidak</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dijumpai</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">kehidupan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">di</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> Mars.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Only Earth, ….. Living life is exist! </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Lapisan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> yang </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">mendukung</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">kehidupan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">di</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Bumi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">ini</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">adalah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">lapisan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> yang </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">tipis</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> yang </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">disebut</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">ekosfera</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">atau</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">biosfera</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">, yang </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">terbagi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">menjadi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">tiga</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">yaitu</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">:</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Hidrosfera</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Litosfera</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Atmosfera</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Hidrosfera</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> = </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">lapisan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> planet yang </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">basah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Bumi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">mengandung</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> 1,4 X 10 ton air: 98% </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">berbentuk</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">cair</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">. 97,4% </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">berupa</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> air </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">laut</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">. </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Hanya</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> 2,6% yang </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">berupa</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> air </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">tawar</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">, yang 77,2%nya </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">berupa</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">es</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">, 22,7 </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">di</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">danau</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">di</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">sungai</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> 0,4%, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">sisanya</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> 0,04% </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">terdapat</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">sebagai</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">uap</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> air. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Masalah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Hidrosfer</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Jumlah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> air </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">tawar</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> yang </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dapat</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dimanfaatkan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">lansung</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">oleh</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">makhluk</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">hidup</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">sangat</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">sedikit</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Jauhnya</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">rantai</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">suplai</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">sampai</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">ke</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">tempat</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">distribusi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Litosfer</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">adalah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> habitat </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">semua</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">tumbuhan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">hewan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">manusia</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Manusia</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">hewan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">menikmati</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">hasil</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> yang </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">diproduksi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">oleh</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">tanah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">mengembalikan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">sisanya</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> yang </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">tidak</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dibutuhkan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">kembali</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">ke</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">tanah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Tanah </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">sumber</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> mineral </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">bagi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">makhluk</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">hidup</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Pembentukan tanah [t] dipengaruhi oleh 5 faktor (Dokuchaelev), yaitu iklim [i], batuan induk [b], organisme [o], waktu [w], relief [r] </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Masalah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">litosfer</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Erosi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">akan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">menyebabkan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> mineral </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">pada</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">permukaan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">tanah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">terbawa</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">aliran</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">sungai</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">ke</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">laut</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">terdeposit</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">di</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">laut</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Perlu</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">waktu</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> lama, agar </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">proses</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">geologi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> “</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">terangkatnya</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dasar</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">laut</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">ke</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">atas</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">permukaan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">laut</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">menjadi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">daratan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">”</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Lapisan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">atmsosfer</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Atmosfer </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Di </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">atmosfer</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">terkandung</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> gas </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">oksigen</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">, nitrogen, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">karbondiokasida</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">, helium, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> gas </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">lainnya</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Pada</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">lapisan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">stratosfer</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">ada</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">lapisan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">ozon</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> yang </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">melindungi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">bumi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dari</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">radiasi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">sinar</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">pendek</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> yang </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">berasal</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dari</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">matahari</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Masalah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">atmosfer</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Proporsi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> gas-gas yang </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">ada</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">di</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">udara</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">telah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">terjadi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">pergeseran</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 32pt;"> </span></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">Pencemaran Lingkungan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;"> </span></span></div><div></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;">Kompetensi</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;">dasar</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;">: </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;">Memahami</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;">akar</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;">masalah</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;">pencemaran</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;">dampak</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;">dan</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;">solusinya</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Setelah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">perkuliahan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">ini</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">mahasiswa</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">diharapkan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">mampu</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">:</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Membedakan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">polusi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">polutan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Menjelaskan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">macam-macam</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">pencemaran</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Menjelaskan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">akibat</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">pencemaran</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Menjelaskan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">penanggulangan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">pencemaran</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Menjelaskan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">efek</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">sampah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">terhadap</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">manusia</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">lingkungan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Menjelaskan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">pengelolaan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">sampah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">di</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> Indonesia</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Menjelaskan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">tanggung</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">jawab</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">pengelolaan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">sampah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Menjelaskan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">cara-cara</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">pengelolaan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">sampah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Pengertian</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 6.72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Semua makhluk hidup menghasilkan limbah.Hanya sebagian saja dari limbah yang dihasilkan dari aktivitas makhluk hidup yang bisa didaur ulang secara alamiah oleh dekomposer</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 6.72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Zat atau bahan yang dapat mengakibatkan pencemaran disebut </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">polutan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">.Syarat-syarat suatu zat disebut polutan bila keberadaannya dapat menyebabkan kerugian terhadap makhluk hidup.Misalnya , karbon dioksida dengan kadar 0,033% di udara berguna bagi tumbuhan, tetapi bila lebih tinggi dari 0,033% akan memberikan efek merusak.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Pencemaran/Polusi</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Keberadaan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">suatu</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">substansi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dalam</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">lingkungan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> yang </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">disebabkan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">komposisi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">kimianya</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">atau</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">kuantitas</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">kerusakan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">proses</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">fungsi-fungsi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">alam</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">hasil</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">lingkungan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> yang </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">tidak</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">diinginkan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">berdampak</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">pada</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">kesehatan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Polutan</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Bahan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> yang </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">mengakibatkan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">pencemaran</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">, yang </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">jumlahnya</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">melebihi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> normal, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">berada</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">pada</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">waktu</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">tempat</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> yang </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">tidak</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">tepat</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Sifat polutan:</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Merusak</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">untuk</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">sementara</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Merusak</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dalam</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">jangka</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">waktu</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> lama</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Pencemaran</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Udara</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Gas H2S</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Gas CO </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> CO2 </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Oksida</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">nitrogen</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> ( NO dan NO2)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Belerang</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dioksida</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> (SO2)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Senyawa karbón</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">Pencemaran air</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; line-height: 90%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Pembuangan limbah industri,sisa insektisida dan pembuangan sampah domestik. Misalnya sisa detergen. Buangan industri seperti Pb, Hg, Zn dan CO dapat terakumulasi dan bersifat racun</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; line-height: 90%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Sampah organik yang dibusukkan oleh bakteri menyebabkan O2 di air berkurang sehingga mengganggu aktivitas kehidupan organisme air</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Kenaikan suhu air mengakibatkan kelarutan O2 dalam air berkurang. Hal ini akan mengganggu kelangsungan organisme yang hidup diperairan.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Menurunnya pH air memperbesar sifat korosi air pada Fe dan dapat mengakibatkan terganggunya kehidupan organisme air.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">Pencemaran tanah</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 6.72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Limbah domestik. Limbah padat berupa sampah anorganik.Jenis sampah ini tidak dapat diuraikan oleh mikroorganisme (</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-style: italic;">non-biodegradable</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">) misalnya, kantong plastik, bekas kaleng minuman, bekas botol plastik air mineral, dan sebagainya.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 6.72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Limbah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> cair </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">berupa</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">tinja</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">detergen,oli</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> dan </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">cat</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">jika</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">meresap</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">ke</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dalam</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">tanah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">akan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">merusak</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">kandungan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> air </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">tanah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">bahkan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dapat</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">membunuh</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">mikroorganisme</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> di </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dalam</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">tanah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Limbah industri</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 2.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 6.72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">a). Limbah industri berupa limbah padat, yang merupakan hasil buangan industri berupa padatan, lumpur, bubur yang berasal dari proses pengolahan, pabrik gula, pulp, kertas, rayon, plywood, pengawetan buah, ikan, daging.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 6.72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">b). Limbah cair yang merupakan hasil pengolahan dalam suatu proses produksi, misalnya sisa-sisa pengolahan industri pelapisan logam dan industri kimia lainnya.Tembaga, timbal, perak, khrom, arsen, dan boron adalah zat-zat yang dihasilkan dari proses industri pelapisan logam.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; line-height: 90%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Limbah pertanian berupa sisa-sisa pupuk sintetik untuk menyuburkan tanah atau tanaman, misalnya pupuk urea.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; line-height: 90%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> DAMPAK</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; line-height: 90%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> Timbunan sampah yang berasal dari limbah domestik dapat mencemari tanah karena lindi (air sampah), dapat menimbulkan bau dan estétika lingkungan terganggu</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; line-height: 90%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Sampah anorganik yang tidak terbiodegradasi, menyebabkan lapisan tanah tidak dapat ditembus oleh akar tanaman dan tidak tembus air sehingga peresapan air dan mineral yang dapat menyuburkan tanah hilang karena terhalang oleh sampah.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; line-height: 90%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Limbah cair rumah tangga berupa: tinja, deterjen, oli bekas, dan cat.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.67in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.67in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Limbah padat hasil buangan industri berupa padatan, lumpur, bubur yang berasal dari proses pengolahan. Penimbunan limbah padat mengakibatkan pembusukan yang menimbulkan bau disekitarnya karena adanya reaksi kimia yang menghasilkan gas tersebut.</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 32pt;"> </span></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Perubahan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Iklim</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> Global</span></span></div><div></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;">Kompetensi</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;">Dasar</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;">: <br />
</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;">Memahami</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;">isu</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;"> global </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;">lingkungan</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;"> <br />
</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Indikator</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">:</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Setelah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">pertemuan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">ini</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">mahasiswa</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dapat</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">:</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Menjelaskan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">isu</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> global, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">yaitu</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">isu</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">lingkungan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> regional, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">isu</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">lingkungan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> global</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Menjelaskan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">hasil</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">konferensi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">tentang</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> “</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Perubahan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Iklim</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> Global”</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Menjelaskan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">pentingnya</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> “education for sustainable development” (ESD) </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Isu</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> global</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Walaupun secara politik dunia ini terdiri dari berbagai negara, tetapi masalah lingkungan muncul dalam isu global.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Isu ini memerlukan kepedulian dan peran serta semua negara dan bangsa secara global</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Isu regional</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">ASEAN</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Tumpahan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">minyak</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">di</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">selat</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">malaka</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Kebakaran</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">hutan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">di</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> Riau </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> Kalimantan </span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Eropa</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Sungai </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Rhein</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Asia Selatan (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh)</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Sungai </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Gangga</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Kanada</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> & AS</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Air </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">terjun</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">niagara</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Isu lingkungan berskala global</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Perubahan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">iklim</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Pemanasan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">karena</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dampak</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">rumah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">kaca</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Hujan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">asam</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Berlubangnya</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">lapisan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">ozon</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Kemunduran</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">kualitas</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">hutan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> yang </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">berdampak</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">pada</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">keanekaragaman</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">hayati</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Global Warming is Big Problem</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Harapan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">itu</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">masih</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">ada</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">!</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Diberbagai</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">kota</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">di</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Amerika</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> Utara </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Eropa</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">sudah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dapat</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">mengontrol</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">polusi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> air </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">udara</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">sehingga</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">lebih</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">bersih</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">polusi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">berkurang</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Populasi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">penduduk</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">di</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">beberapa</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">negara</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">industri</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">sudah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">stabil</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">kecuali</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">di</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">beberapa</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">negara</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">miskin</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">. Per </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">wanita</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">melahirkan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">anak</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">sudah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">berkurang</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dari</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> 6.3 </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">menjadi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> 3.4, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">walaupun</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">masih</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">tinggi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">dari</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">ketentuan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> zero population </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">yaitu</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> 2.1 per </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">pasangan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="direction: ltr; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Kepedulian</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">terhadap</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">lingkungan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">meningkat</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">, 80% </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">hasil</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> polling </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">pada</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">rakyat</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">Amerika</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">menyetujui</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">untuk</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">melindungi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;">lingkungan</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;"> </span></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 32pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br />
</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 32pt;"> </span></div><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 32pt;"></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 44pt;"> </span></div>makalahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09153242857989441711noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4313659916756407958.post-31493930948085411112010-12-08T16:51:00.000-08:002010-12-08T16:51:08.867-08:00PERKEMBANGAN DAN PERDABAN ISLAM<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>AR-SA</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">PERKEMBANGAN DAN PERADABAN ISLAM <span> </span>PADA MASA KHALIFAH BANI UMAYYAH</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.25pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">LATAR BELAKANG BERDIRINYA BANI UMAYYAH</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>Nama Dinasti Bani Umayyah dinisbatkan kepada Umayyah bin Abd Syams bin Abdu Manaf. Ia adalah salah seorang tokoh penting di tengah Quraisy pada masa jahiliah. Ia dan pamannya Hasyim bin Abdu manaf selalu bertarung dalam memperebutkan kekuasaan dan kedudukan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>Dinasti Bani Umayyah didirikan oleh Muawiyah bin Abu Sufyan bin Harb. Muawiyah di samping sebagai pendiri daulah Bani Abbasiyah juga sekaligus menjadi khalifah pertama. Ia memindahkan ibu <span> </span>kota kekuasaan Islam dari Kufah ke Damaskus.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>Muawiyah dipandang sebagai pembangun dinasti yang oleh sebagian besar sejarawan awalnya dipadang negatif. Keberhasilannya memperoleh legalitas atas kekuasaannya dalam perang saudara di Siffin dicapai melalui cara yang curang. Lebih dari itu, Muawiyah juga dituduh sebagai pengkhianat prinsip-prinsip demokrasi yang diajarkan Islam, karena dialah yang mula-mula mengubah pimpinan negara dari seorang yang dipilih oleh rakyat menjadi kekuasaan raja yang diwariskan turun-temurun (monarchy heredity).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span class="fullpost"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">SISTEM PEMERINTAHAN BANI UMAYYAH</span></b><span class="fullpost"><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span><span style="color: black;"></span></span></b></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>Memasuki masa kekuasaan Muawiyah yang menjadi awal kekuasaan Bani Umayyah ini, sistem pemerintahan Islam yang dulunya bersifat demokrasi berubah menjadi monarki heredetis (kerajaan turun temurun). Suksesi kepemimpinan secara turun temurun dimulai ketika Muawiyah mewajibkan seluruh rakyatnya untuk menyatakan setia terhadap anaknya, yazid.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>Sesungguhnya Muawiyah adalah seorang pribadi yang sempurna dan pimpinan besar yang berbakat. <span> </span>Di dalam dirinya terkumpul sifat-sifat seorang penguasa, politikus, dan administrator.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span><span> </span>Muawiyah tumbuh sebagai pemimpin karier. Pengalaman politik telah memperkaya dirinya dengan kebijaksanaan-kebijaksanaan dalam memerintah, mulai dari menjadi salah seorang pemimpin pasukan dibawah komando Panglima Abu Ubaidah bin Jarrah yang berhasil merebut wilayah Palestina, Suriah, dan Mesir dari tangan Imperium romawi yang telah menguasai ketiga daerah itu sejak tahun 63 SM. Kemudian Muawiyah menjabat kepala wilayah di Syam yang membawahi Suriah dan Palestina yang berkedudukan di Damaskus selama kira-kira 20 tahun semenjak diangkat oleh Khalifah Umar. Khalifah Utsman telah menobatkannya sebagai “Aamir Al-Bahr” (prince of the sea) yang memimpin armada besar dalam penyerbuan ke kota Konstantinopel walaupun belum berhasil.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>Masa kekuasaan Dinasti Umayyah hampir satu abad, tepatnya selama 90 tahun, dengan 14 orang khalifah. Khalifah yang pertama adalah Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan, sedangkan khalifah yang terakhir adalah Marwan bin Muhammad. Diantara mereka ada pemimpin-pemimpin besar yang berjasa diberbagai bidang sesuai dengan kehendak zamannya, sebaliknya ada pula khalifah yang tidak patut dan lemah. Adapun urutan Khalifah Umayyah adalah sebagai berikut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>1. Muawiyah I bin Abi Sufyan 41-60H/661-679M<br />
2. <span> </span>Yazid bin Muawiyyah 60-64H/679-683M<br />
3. <span> </span>Muawiyyah II bin Yazid 64H/683M<br />
4 <span> </span><span> </span>Marwan I bin Hakam 64-65H/683-684M<br />
5.<span> </span>Abdul Malik bin Marwan 65-86H/684-705M<br />
6. <span> </span>Al-Walid I bin Abdul Malik 86-96H/705-714M<br />
7. <span> </span>Sulaiman bin Abdul Malik 96-99H/705-714M<br />
8. <span> </span>Umar bin Abdul Aziz 99-101H/717-719M<br />
9. <span> </span>Yazid II bin Abdul Malik 101-105H/719-723M<br />
10. Hisyam bin Abdul Malik 105-25H/723-742M<br />
11. Al-Walid II bin Yazid II 125-126H/742-743M<br />
12. Yazid bin Walid bin Malik 126H/743M<br />
13. Ibrahim bin Walid II 126-127H/743-744M<br />
14. Marwan Iibin Muhammad 127-132H/744-750</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span>C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">KEMAJUAN PERADABAN PADA MASA BANI UMAYYAHDAN FAKTOR PENDUKUNGNNYA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>Pada masa pemerintahan Muawiyah, konsolidasi internal mulai dilakukan. Tujuannya adalah untuk memperkokoh barisan dalam rangka pertahanan dan keamanan dalam negeri, antisipasi atas setiap gerakan pemberontak, dan untuk memperlancar program futuhat. Ada lima diwan (lembaga) yang menopang suksesnya konsolidasi yang dilakukan, yakni: Diwan al-Jund (Urusan Kemiliteran), Diwan ar-Rasail (Urusan Administrasi dan Surat), Diwan al-Barid (Urusan Pos), Diwan al-Kharaj (Urusan Keuangan), dan Diwan al-Khatam (Urusan Dokumentasi). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
<span> </span>Dari segi organisasi militer, pada masa dinasti ini bangsa Arab telah mencapai perkembangan yang cukup signifikan. Jumlah tentara ketika pemerintahan berada di bawah kekuasan Muawiyah berjumlah 60.000 orang, dengan anggaran sebesar 60 juta dirham. Setelah penaklukan Bizantium, angkatan perang Umayah didata dalam sebuah organisasi yang cukup besar. Satu divisi terdiri dari 5 corp, dua corp untuk barisan depan, satu corp untuk barisan tengah, dan dua corp lagi adalah untuk barisan belakang. Organisasi ini masih terus berlangsung hingga akhir pemerintahan Marwan bin Muhammad. Ia menghapus organisasi ini dan mengenalkan susunan tentara yang disebut kurdus. Para tentara dilengkapi dengan senjata canggih pada masa itu, seperti peluru yang digerakkan dengan roket.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>Dari berbagai periode pemerintahan Dinasti Umayyah, penaklukan merupakan program utama pemerintah yang sudah mentradisi, kecuali pada periode Umar bin<span> </span>Abdul Aziz. Ekspansi yang terhenti pada masa khalifah Usman dan Ali dilanjutkan kembali oleh dinasti ini. Penaklukan tersebut erat kaitannya dengan kondisi angkatan darat dan laut yang tangguh dan sistem administrasi yang mapan, rapi, dan komplit.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>Muawiyah mendirikan dinas pos dan tempat-tempat tertentu dengan menyediakan kuda yang lengkap dengan peralatannya di sepanjang jalan. Dia juga berusaha menertibkan angkatan bersenjata dan mencetak mata uang. Lambang negara yang sebelumnya tidak pernah dibuat oleh Al-Khulafaur Rasyidin, mulai dibuat pada masa ini. Ia menetapkan bendera merah sebagai lambang negaranya, yang menjadi ciri khas kerajaan Umayyah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>Khalifah Adul Malik mengubah mata uang Bizantium dan Persia yang dipakai di daerah-daerah yang dikuasai Islam. Untuk itu, dia mencetak uang tersendiri pada tahun 659 M dengan memakai kata-kata dan tulisan Arab. Ia juga berhasil melakukan pembenahan-pembenahan administrasi pemerintahan dan memberlakukan bahasa Arab sebagai bahasa resmi administrasi pemerintahan Islam.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
<span> </span>Keberhasilan Khalifah Abdul Malik diikuti oleh puteranya Al-Walid bin Abdul Malik (705- 715 M) seorang yang berkemauan keras dan berkemampuan melaksanakan pembangunan. Dia membangun panti-panti untuk orang cacat. Semua personel yang terlibat dalam kegiatan yang humanis ini digaji oleh negara secara tetap. Dia juga membangun jalan-jalan raya yang menghubungkan suatu daerah dengan daerah lainnya, pabrik-pabrik, gedung-gedung pemerintahan dan masjid-masjid yang megah. Selain melakukan perbaikan di berbagai bidang seperti yang telah disebutkan di atas, dinasti Umayyah juga melakukan perubahan dalam beberapa bidang sebagai berikut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 39.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bidang Sosial</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>Pada masa dinasti ini, stratifikasi sosial mulai dikenal. Rakyat imperium Arab terbagi kedalam empat golongan. <span> </span>Golongan pertama merupakan golongan yang terdiri atas kaum muslimin yang memegang kekuasaan dan dikepalai oleh anggota istana serta kaum ningrat dari penakluk arab. Golongan kedua merupakan golongan nonmuslim, baik dengan atas kemauan sendiri maupun paksaan. Golongan ketiga merupakan kaum non muslim yang mengikat perjanjian dengan kaum muslim. Golongan keempat merupakan golongan budak yang merupakan golongan terendah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>Di antara usaha positif yang dilakukan oleh para khilafah daulah Bani Umayyah dalam mensejahterakan rakyatnya ialah dengan memperbaiki seluruh sistem pemerintahan dan menata administrasi yang bertugas mengurusi masalah keuangan negara yang dipergunakan untuk :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1. Gaji pegawai dan tentara serta gaya tata usaha negara.<br />
2. Pembangunan pertanian, termasuk irigasi.<br />
3. Biaya orang-orang hukuman dan tawanan perang<br />
4. Perlengkapan perang. <br />
<br />
</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-indent: -7.1pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>Bidang <span> </span>Pendidikan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>Nampaknya pendidikan Islam pada masa periode <span> </span>Dinasti <span> </span>Umayyah ini hampir sama dengan pendidikan pada masa Khulafa ar Rasyiddin. Para Khulafa agaknya kurang memperhatikan bidang pendidikan, sehingga perkembangannya pun kurang maksimal. Meskipun demikian, dalam bidang ini, dinasti Umayyah memberikan andil yang cukup signifikan bagi perkembangan budaya Arab pada masa sesudahnya, terutama dalam pengembangan ilmu-ilmu agama Islam, sastra, dan filsafat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>Setelah pelajaran anak-anak di kuttab selesai mereka melanjutkan pendidikan yang dilakukan di mesjid. Pada Dinasti Umayyah ini, pendidikan yang dilaksanakan di mesjid terdiri dari dua tingkat yaitu: tingkat menengah dan tingkat tinggi. Pada tingkat menengah guru belumlah ulama besar sedangkan pada tingkat tinggi gurunya adalah ulama yang ilmunya mendalam dan masyhur kealiman serta keahliannya. Sedangkan majelis sastra merupakan balai pertemuan untuk membahas masalah kesusasteraan dan juga sebagai tempat berdiskusi mengenai urusan politik yang disiapkan oleh khalifah yang dihiasi dengan hiasan yang indah dan hanya diperuntukkan bagi sastrawan dan ulama terkemuka.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Bidang Seni</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>Pada masa Daulah Bani Umayyah ini bidang seni juga mengalami perkembangan, terutama seni bahasa, seni suara, seni rupa, dan seni bangunan (arsitektur). Dalam bidang arsitektur, peran khalifah sangat menonjol. Merka sangat menyokong perkembangan seni ini seperti menara yang diperkenalkan oleh Muawiyah. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ilmu Pengetahuan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>Pada masa dinasti ini, tepatnya pada paruh terakhir dinasti Umayyah, cabang-cabang ilmu baru yang sebelumnya belum pernah diajarkan dalam dunia Islam mulai diajarkan seperti tata bahasa, sejarah, geografi dan lain-lain. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>D.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">PERLUASAN WILAYAH ISLAM DAN PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP ISLAM</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span><span> </span><span class="fullpost">Kejayaan Bani Umayyah semakin menonjol setelah dipimpin oleh Al-Walid bin Abdul Malik, yaitu tahun 705-715 M. Pada masanya, Bani Umayah mampu memperluas wilayah kekuasaan Islam sampai ke India, Afrika Utara, hingga Maroko, dan Andalusia. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm;"><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>Pada masa ini perluasan wilayah Islam meliputi sebagai berikut:</span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="fullpost"><span> </span>a. <span> </span>Wilayah kekuasaan Kerajaan Romawi di Asia Kecil meliputi Ibukota <span> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm;"><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>Konstatinobel serta perluasan ke beberapa pulau di Laut Tengah.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="fullpost"><span> </span>b. <span> </span>Wilayah Afrika Utara sampai ke pantai <span> </span>Atlantik dan <span> </span>menyeberangi<span> </span><span> </span>selat</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm;"><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>Jabal Thariq (selat Gibraltar).</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm;"><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>c. Wilayah Timur, Bagian Utara di seberang sungai Jihun (Amru Daria).</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;"><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>Pada masa pemerintahan Khalifah Umar bin Abdul Aziz (717-720 M) hubungan pemerintah dengan golongan oposisi mulai membaik. Ketika dinobatkan sebagai khalifah, beliau menyatakan bahwa memperbaiki dan meningkatkan negeri yang berada dalam wilayah Islam lebih baik daripada menambah perluasannya. Ini berarti bahwa prioritas utama adalah pembangunan dalam negeri. Meskipun masa pemerintahannya sangat singkat, dia berhasil menjalin hubungan baik dengan golongan Syi’ah. Dia juga memberi kebebasan kepada penganut agama lain untuk beribadah sesuai dengan keyakinan dan kepercayaannya. Pajak lebih ringan dan kedudukan Mawali disejajarkan<span> </span>dengan muslim Arab.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;"><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>Sepeninggal Umar bin Abdul Aziz, kekuasaan Bani Umayyah berada di bawah khalifah Yazid bin Abdul Malik (720- 724 M). Penguasa yang satu ini terlalu gandrung kepada kemewahan dan kurang memperhatikan kehidupan rakyat. Masyarakat yang sebelumnya hidup dalam ketenteraman dan kedamaian, pada zamannya berubah menjadi kacau. Dengan latar belakang dan kepentingan etnis politis, masyarakat menyatakan konfrontasi terhadap pemerintahan Yazid bin Abdul Malik. Kerusuhan terus berlanjut hingga masa pemerintahan khalifah berikutnya, Hisyam bin Abdul Malik (724-743 M). Bahkan di zaman Hisyam ini muncul satu kekuatan baru yang menjadi tantangan berat bagi pemerintahan Bani Umayyah. Kekuatan itu berasal dari kalangan Bani Hasyim yang didukung oleh golongan Mawali dan merupakan ancaman yang sangat serius. Dalam perkembangan berikutnya, kekuatan baru ini mampu menggulingkan dinasti Umayyah dan menggantikannya dengan dinasti baru, Bani Abbas. Sebenarnya Hisyam bin Abdul Malik adalah seorang khalifah yang kuat dan terampil. Akan tetapi, karena gerakan oposisi terlalu kuat khalifah tidak berdaya mematahkannya. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="fullpost"><span> </span>Sepeninggal Hisyam bin Abdul Malik, khalifah-khalifah Bani Umayyah yang tampil bukan hanya lemah tetapi juga bermoral buruk. Hal ini makin memperkuat golongan oposisi. Akhirnya, pada tahun 750 M, Daulat Umayyah digulingkan Bani Abbas yang bersekutu dengan Abu Muslim al-Khurasani. Marwan bin Muhammad, khalifah terakhir Bani Umayyah, melarikan diri ke Mesir. Ia ditangkap dan dibunuh di sana.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 17.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>E.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">SEBAB-SEBAB KEMUNDURAN DAN KEHANCURAN BANI UMAYYAH</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>Kebesaran yang telah diraih oleh Dinasti Bani Umayyah ternyata tidak mampu menahan kehancurannya, yang diakibatkan oleh beberapa faktor antara lain:</span></div><ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pertentangan antara suku-suku Arab yang sejak lama terbagi menjadi dua kelompok, yaitu Arab Utara yang disebut Mudariyah yang menempati Irak dan Arab Selatan (Himyariyah) yang berdiam di wilayah Suriah. Di zaman Dinasti Bani Umayyah persaingan antar etnis itu mencapai puncaknya, karena para Khalifah cenderung kepada satu pihak dan menafikan yang lainnya. </span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ketidakpuasan sejumlah pemeluk Islam non Arab. Mereka adalah pendatang baru dari kalangan bangsa-bangsa taklukkan yang mendapatkan sebutan mawali. Status tersebut menggambarkan infeoritas di tengah-tengah keangkuhan orang-orang Arab yang mendapatkan fasilitas dari penguasa Umayyah. Padahal mereka bersama-sama Muslim Arab mengalami beratnya peperangan dan bahkan beberapa orang di antara mereka mencapai tingkatan yang jauh di atas rata-rata bangsa Arab. Tetapi harapan mereka untuk mendapatkan kedudukan dan hak-hak bernegara tidak dikabulkan. Seperti tunjangan tahunan yang diberikan kepada mawali itu jumlahnya jauh lebih kecil dibanding tunjangan yang dibayarkan kepada orang Arab. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sistem pergantian Khalifah melalui garis keturunan adalah sesuatru yang baru bagi tradisi Arab yang lebih menekankan aspek senioritas. Pengaturannnya tidak jelas. Ketidakjelasan sistem pergantian Khalifah ini menyebabkan terjadinya persaingan yang tidak sehat dikalangan anggota keluarga Istana.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kerajaan Islam pada zaman kekuasaan Bani Umayyah telah demikian luas wilayahnya, sehingga sukar mengendalikan dan mengurus administrasi dengan baik, tambah lagi dengan sedikitnya jumlah penguasa yang berwibawa untuk dapat menguasai sepenuhnya wilayah yang luas itu.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Latar belakang terbentuknya kedaulatan Bani Umayyah tidak dapat dilepaskan dari konflik-konflik politik. Kaum Syi’ah dan Khawarij terus berkembang menjadi gerakan oposisi yang kuat dan sewaktu-waktu dapat mengancam keutuhan kekuasaan Umayyah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Adanya pola hidup mewah di lingkungan istana menyebabkan anak-anak Khalifah tidak sanggup memikul beban berat kenegaraan tatkala mereka mewarisi kekuasaan. Di samping itu, golongan agama banyak yang kecewa karena perhatian penguasa terhadap perkembangan agama sangat kurang.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Penindasan terus menerus terhadap pengikut-pengikut Ali pada khususnya, dan terhadap Bani Hasyim (Hasyimiyah) pada umumnya, sehingga mereka menjadi oposisi yang kuat. Kekuatan baru ini, dipelopori oleh keturunan al-Abbas ibn Abdul al- Muthalib dan mendapat dukungan penuh dari Bani Hasyim dan golongan Syi’ah dan kaum mawali yang merasa dikelasduakan oleh pemerintahan Bani Umayyah. Hal ini menjadi penyebab langsung tergulingnya kekuasaan Dinasti Bani Umayyah. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 17.85pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">H .<span> </span>KESIMPULAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>Bani Umayyah merupakan penguasa Islam yang telah merubah sistem pemerintahan yang demokratis menjadi monarchi (sistem pemerintahan yang berbentuk kerajaan). Kerajaan Bani Umayyah diperoleh melalui kekerasan, diplomasi dan tipu daya, tidak dengan pemilihan atau suara terbanyak sebagaimana dilakukan oleh pemimpin sebelumnya, yaitu khalafaur rasyidin. Meskipun mereka tetap menggunakan istilah Khalifah, namun mereka memberikan interpretasi baru untuk mengagungkan jabatannya. Mereka menyebutnya “Khalifah Allah” dalam pengertian “penguasa” yang diangkat oleh Allah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>Kekuasaan Bani Umayyah berlangsung selama 90 tahun (680-750 M). Dinasti ini dipimpin oleh 14 Khalifah, dengan urutan raja sebagai berikut yaitu: Muawiyah, Yazid ibn Muawiyah, Muawiyah ibn Yazid, Marwan ibn Hakam, Abdul Malik ibn Marwan, Walid ibn Abdul Malik, Sulaiman ibn Abdul Malik, Umar ibn Abdul Aziz, Yazid ibn Abdul Malik, Hisyam ibn Abdul Malik, Walid ibn Yazid, Yazid ibn Walid (Yazid III), Ibrahim ibn Malik dan Marwan ibn Muhammad.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>Pada masa Daulah Bani Umayyah banyak kemajuan yang telah dicapai. Ekspansi yang terhenti pada masa Khalifah Ustman dan Ali dilanjutkan oleh Dinasti ini. Sehingga kekuasaan Islam betul-betul sangat luas. Daerah-daerah itu meliputi Spanyol, Afrika Utara, Syria, Palestina, jazirah Arabia, Irak, sebagian Asia Kecil, Persia, Afganistan, daerah yang sekarang disebut Pakistan, Purkmenia, Uzbek dan Kirgis di Asia Tengah. Di samping melakukan perluasan wilayah kekuasaan Islam, Bani Umayyah juga berjasa dalam bidang pembangunan dan kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan, misalnya mendirikan dinas pos, menertibkan angkatan bersenjata, mencetak mata uang. Ilmu naqli, yaitu filsafat dan ilmu eksakta mulai dirintis. Ilmu tafsir al-Qur’an berkembang dengan pesat, karena orang Muslim membutuhkan hukum dan undang-undang, yang bersumber pada al-Qur’an. Apabila menemui kesulitan dalam melakukan penafsiran, mereka mencarinya dalam al-Hadist. Karena banyaknya hadist palsu, maka timbullah usaha untuk mencari riwayat dan sanad al-Hadist, yang akhirnya menjadi ilmu hadist dengan segala cabang-cabangnya.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Fauzi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">,<span> </span> Imron.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sistem Sosial Budaya dan Model Pemerintahan Pada Masa Bani Umayyah</span></i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Manshur</span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">, Fadlil Munawwar</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pertumbuhan Dan Perkembangan Budaya Arab Pada Masa</span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dinasti Umayyah</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Mufrodi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">, Ali. 1997.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Islam di Kawasan Kebudayaan Arab</span></i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">. Ciputat: Logos Wacana Ilmu.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Suhaidi RB</span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">,</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Mohammad. <i>Dinasti Bani Umayyah : Perkembangan Politik, Gerakan Oposisi,</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>Perkembangan Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Kejatuhan Dinasti</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Thohir</span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">,Ajid. </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Perkembangan Peradaban di Kawasan Dunia Islam: Melacak Akar-akar</span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sosial, Politik dan Budaya Umat Islam</span></i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">. </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jakarta: Rajawali Pers.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Yatim</span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">, Badri. 1993.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sejarah Peradaban Islam: Dirasah Islamiyah II</span></i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jakarta: Rajawali Pers.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Yunus,</span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Mahmud. 1981.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>Sejarah Pendidikan Islam. Jakarta: Hida Karya Agung.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>makalahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09153242857989441711noreply@blogger.com0